Malte Lohölter has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Halle University. He is a Technical Manager at CJ Europe GmbH, an affiliate of CJ CheilJedang, the world´s leading feed grade amino acid producer. He has published more than 5 papers in reputed journals.

The branched-chain amino acid L-valine is typically the fifth-limiting amino acid in practical feed formulation in European pig diets. Current recommendations for the optimal valine:lysine ratio in piglet feed vary between different organizations indicating the need of further research. A trial was performed to evaluate the effects of graded levels of L-valine on the performance of piglets. 200 weaned piglets weighing 8.7±1.1 kg were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments. The treatments consisted of two basal diets (pre-starter and starter) providing valine:lysine ratios of 0.59 and 0.57 on a standardized ileal digestible basis and increasing supplemental valine providing valine:lysine ratios of 0.63, 0.67, 0.71 and 0.75 during the pre-starter phase and 0.62, 0.66, 0.70 and 0.75 during the starter phase. Throughout the experiment, the supplementation of L-valine to the basal diets resulted in a significant increase in weight gain and feed intake (p<0.05). The benefits of additional L-valine were observed to occur in a dose-response relationship totaling a 17% higher weight gain in the groups provided a valine:lysine ratio of 0.75 compared to the basal diet. It can be concluded that the supplementation of valine deficient piglet diets with L-valine improves weight gain and feed intake and that a valine:lysine ratio of 0.70 can be suggested as the requirement of piglets in the body weight range of 8-30 kg.

Eddy Wilfredo Calle Ayma studied Agriculture Engineering and obtained his M.Sc from Technical Univerisity of Oruro. He is Assistant Professor of Experimental Design in Technical University of Oruro (Bolivia). Currently, he is PhD. student at University Polytechnic of Valencia with an Erasmus Mundus fellowship (Babel Project) until July 2016. He actively collaborates with the division of Animal Production at University Miguel Hernández. The main topic of his research is rabbit breeding.

A divergent selection experiment for residual variance of litter size (Ve) has been performed in rabbits at University Miguel Hernández of Elche in Spain. The Ve was estimated as phenotypic variance of litter size (LS) within female after correcting LS for the effects of year-season and lactation status. After seven generations of selection, High (H) line showed 30% more Ve and 6% less LS than Low (L) line. The objective was to analyse whether selection for Ve has affected the body condition of female. Body condition was measured as body weight (BW) and perirenal fat thickness (PFT) at 2nd mating, delivery and 10th day of lactation. The non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) was also measured before and after stimulation with isoprotenol (NEFAb and NEFAr). All analyses were performed using Bayesian methodology. The model included the effects of line-physiological stage (H and L lines at 2nd mating, delivery and 10th day of lactation), lactation stage (lactating and non-lactating), season and an effect of female. BW, PFT and NEFAb were not affected by selection. BW and PFT decreased between mating until delivery and increased between delivery until 10th day of lactation in both lines. However, NEFAb showed inverse pattern. From mating to delivery, NEFAr decreased -17.9% in H line, while L line increased 57.7%. From delivery to 10th day of lactation, NEFAr decreased slightly in H line (-6.2%) but L line decreased strongly (-36.6%). In conclusion, L line has greater lipolytic potential than H line at delivery, when female has higher energy requirements.

Dr. A.Z.M. Salem, Professor –Researcher at the Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Autonomous Universityof Mexico State in Mexico. Specialist in Animal nutrition and working on using the natural and synthetic feed additive such as plant tress extracts, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, exogenous enzymes to improve the nutritive values of animal feeds. I have more than 130 papers published in peer reviewed journals of impact factors with 8 text books in the same line of research. I attended and participated in more than 50 national and international meetings. I have one patent registered on using the tree extract to control the intestinal parasites in sheep. Reviewer in more than 15 international journals as well as member of the editorial board of 2 indexed journals.

The effect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)of three products incubated with equine fecal of horses previously fed the same products on fecal in vitro fermentation of a diet contained oat straw and concentrate mixture (1:1) as a substrate was evaluated. Three products of S. cerevisiae of Biocell F53® (YP53),Procreatin 7® (YP7) and Biosaf SC47® (YP47) were in vitro evaluated at 0, 2 and 4 mg/g DM. Fecalinoculums were collected from sixteen horses mares of Cuarto de Milla fed the same concentrate (restricted amount daily) and oat straw (ad libitum) and supplemented with yeast (g/animal/ day) at 0 (control - without yeast), 11 (Biocell F53®), 11 (Procreatin 7®), and 15 (Biosaf SC47®), for 15 days. Gas production (GP), CH4 and CO2 productions were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h post-incubation. Interactions were occurred (P<0.05) between fecal type and yeast product for GP, CH4production and fermentation parameters. The dose of 2 mg/g DM linearly increased the asymptotic GP (P=0.021) and GP during the first 12 h of incubation (P<0.05). The product YP53 at 4 mg/g DM decreased (P=0.028) CH4 production by 78% at 24 h. Two mg/g DM of YP53increased (P<0.05) improved fermentation kinetic parameters. It could be concluded that fecal type has an effect on fermentation processes of horse’s diets. The product YP53increased GP, CH4 and fermentation kinetics at the dose 2 mg/g DM with decreasing CH4 production by 78% at 4 mg/kg DM at 24 h of incubation.

Tehya READ is currently working on herPhDat the Institut de Polytechnique de Toulouse, France. Through a partnership between INRA (Institut National de la RechercheAgronomique) and Terrena, she is able to dedicate her time to the study of rabbit nutrition and health.

We aimed to assess the influence of feed composition at the onset of solid feed intakeon growth performance and health in young rabbits until slaughter. 796 rabbit kitswere divided into 2 experimental groups differing in the diet that the rabbits received from 18-28d. From 18–28d, young rabbits in the RF group received a diet meeting the needs of reproductive does, while young rabbits in the FF group received a diet meeting the needs of growing rabbits. From 28–70d, rabbits of both groups received the F diet. Feed was offered ad libitum before weaning and from 63-70d but was restricted from weaning to 63d. Feed intake, animal weights and health status were recorded weekly. Mortality was recorded daily. Feed intake was higher in the RF group than in the FF group from 18–28d (P<0.01), but was similar from 28–35d. This resulted in a higher average daily gain from 18 – 28 dand a higher weight at weaning in the RF group compared to the FF group(P<0.001). Differences in live weight between groups was reduced at slaughter (P<0.05) due to a lower feed conversion rate in the FF group at 42–49d and 63–70d (P<0.05). This suggests that i) suckling rabbits do not regulate feed intake based on energy content of the diet at the onset of solid feed intake, and ii) that when feed intake after weaning is controlled, the feeding strategy before weaning has an impact on live weight until slaughter.

Emine BAYDAN is Professor in Veterinary Faculty and completed her PhD in 1989 from Ankara University. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals. She is also member in Turkish Society of Toxicology, Turkish Pharmacological Society and Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Association.

In the frame of this study, what was aimed was finding the levels of (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and lead). In organic milk, cheese and butter which were presented to having been sold in the markets furthermore;.In this study, between the dates March,2010 and February, 2011, in every three months’ period for every product type; different party numbered 9 organic example products, which were in total 36 (12 milk, 12 cheese and 12 butter sample) were collected. After these products had been converted into the forms which could be analysed by the way of microwave burning; their metal levels were found by the use of Graphite Furnace AAS. As a result of the analysis, the level of Al (33 samples), As (34 samples), Cd (33) and Pb(24) in most of organically produced milk, cheese and butter is under the limit of detection (LOD). The element detection limits of the Graphite Furnace AAS (Limit of detection, LOD) (µg L-1) for Al, As, Cd and Pb were 0.02; 0.001; 0.001and 0.02 respectively. The median Pb level was 0,001 ppm (n:3) in organic milk; 0,008 ppm (n: 7) in organic cheese. In these comparations, it was found that there was no difference from the point of Pb in statistical view (P>0,05). Besides, it was seen that 1 example in organic cheese and 1 example in organic butter exceeded aceptable limits from the view of Pb.

Eddy Wilfredo Calle Ayma studied Agriculture Engineering and obtained his M.Sc from Technical University of Oruro. He is Assistant Professor of Experimental Design in Technical University of Oruro (Bolivia). Currently, he is PhD. student at University Polytechnic of Valencia with a Erasmus Mundus fellowship (Babel Project) until July 2016. He actively collaborates with the division of Animal Production at University Miguel Hernández. The main topic of his research is rabbit breeding.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lactation stage on body condition at 2nd mating, delivery and 10th day of lactation. Body condition was measured as body weight (BW) and the perirenal fat thickness (PFT) at 2nd mating, delivery and 10th day of lactation. The non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) was also measured before and after stimulation with isoprotenol (NEFAb and NEFAr). All analyses were performed using Bayesian methodology. The model included the effects of lactation-physiological status (lactating and non-lactating females at 2nd mating, delivery and 10th day of lactation), line- status (High and Low lines selected for residual variance of litter size), season and an effect of female. The BW and PFT were not affected by lactation stage at 2nd mating. However, lactating females showed lower BW and PFT than non-lactation females at delivery and 10th day of lactation. The NEFAb increased 19% and 27% in lactating and non-lactation females between mating and delivery and it decreased -22% and -17% until 10th day of lactation. From mating to delivery, NEFAr increased slightly 5% in lactating females, while non-lactating females increased 17%. From delivery to 10th day of lactation, NEFAr decreased -15% and -28 in lactating and non-lactating females. In conclusion, lactating status affected body weight and body fat mobilization in female rabbit at delivery and 10th day of lactation.

Dr F Fushai completed his PhDin 2014 from the University of South Africa. He is a lecturer in the Department of Animal Science at the University of Venda, South Africa.His main research interest is in animal nutrition and sustainable agriculture.

The effects of high fibre(250 g kg-1dry matter (DM) total dietary fibre (TDF)) from different feedson growth and slaughter performance were investigated in pigs fed maize-soybean diets fortified with Roxazyme® G2. The added fibre sources were maize (Zea mays) cobs (MC), soybean hulls (Glycine max)(SH), brewer’s (barley; Hordeum vulgare L) grains (BG), Lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay (L) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) bran (WB). A standarddiet (141 g kg-1 DM TDF) served as a control. Diets were mixed in duplicate, and one mixture was fortified with 200 mg Roxazyme® G2 (RX) kg-1 feed. In vitro methods were used to estimate fibre fermentability. The study used 72 intact Large White X Landrace, malepigs(32.0 ± 5.6 kg live weight). The diets were fed ad libitum for 70 daysin a complete randomized designwith a 6X2 factorial arrangement of the treatments. Digestibility was estimated at 65-70 kg LW usingCr2O3as the indigestible marker. Depending on the source, high fibre reduced (P<0.05) feed intake (BG and L), the digestibility of organic matter (WB, BG, MC), protein (BG, MC, WB), fat (WB, L), phosphorus (BG), ash (MC, SH) and energy (all fibres). Maize cobincreased (p<0.05) the feed: gain ratio.Lucerne reduced (P<0.05) daily gain and dressing % and, similar to WB, increased (p<0.05) lean %. Roxazyme® G2 did not affectany of the measured parameters.The results supported a fermentable-fibre approach to maintain nutrient digestibility on fibrous diets. Supplementation with Roxazyme® G2 was not justified.

Uchechukwu Okah is a Ph. D holder in Animal Production and Management (Nutrition). He is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Animal Production and Livestock Management., Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. He is a registered Animal Scientist with the Nigeria Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). He has more than 25 publications in reputable journals both local and foreign, and book of proceedings from conferences. He serves as a reviewer to some highly reputed journals in Nigeria.

A 56 day experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed processed poultry droppings. Nine (9) West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks were assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with 3 bucks per treatment. The diets contained poultry droppings at 0% (T1), 10% sun dried poultry droppings (SDPD)(T2) and 10% toasted poultry droppings (TPD)(T3). The parameters evaluated included: dry matter intake (DMI), changes in body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), heart girth change (HGC), body length change (BLC) and height at withers (HWC), hematological and biochemical indices, and carcass characteristics of the bucks. Proximate analyses of the sun-dried poultry droppings, toasted poultry droppings, the treatment diets and the forages (Panicum maximum and Cetrocema spp.) were conducted. Concentrate dry matter intakes were 184.65g, 150.05g and 183.62g for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Forage dry matter intakes were 494.04g 569.70g and 555.66g for T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Concentrate dry matter intake was similar (p>0.05) in T1 and T3 groups, but significantly (p<0.05) higher than the T2 group. The T2 group consumed significantly (p<0.05) more forage than the T1 and T3 groups. HGC and HWC were 5.67cm, 2.33cm and 4.67cm, and 5.00cm 4.67cm and 4.00cm respectively. T1 and T3 had higher HGC than T2 group, while the T2 group recorded higher HWC than the T1 and T3 groups. The hemoglobin (Hb) values varied significantly (p<0.05) among the treatment means, and they were, 12.30, 11.30 and 12.00g/dl respectively. PCV (%) and WBC(x103/mm3 varied significantly (p<0.05) and the values were 37.00, 34.00 and 36.00 (%), and 39.00, 56.07 and 42.50(x103/mm3 respectively. Neutrophil and lymphocyte were also influenced significantly, the values were, 15.00, 10, and 31.00%, and 83.00, 86.00, and 66.00% respectively. Only serum urea was affected among the biochemical components, and the values were 0.87, 0.90 and 0.97 mg/dl respectively. Dressed weight were 34.62%, 37.75% and 42.60% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively; the T2 and T3 groups were similar (P>0.05) but T3 was higher than T1. The values for shoulder were 10.67%, 10, 74% and 8.05%; the full gut values were 47.20% 38.56% and 28.68% for T1. T2 and T3 respectively. Liver, kidney and heart were 2.90%, 2.22% and 1.93%; 0.55, 0.47% and 0.42%, and 0.72%, 0.57% and 0.58% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. T1 showed significantly (P<0.05) higher relative weight values for liver and heart than the T3 group. Inclusion of processed poultry droppings up to 10% in the diets of WAD bucks did not affect their performance negatively. However simple sun drying is recommended based on the results of this study and it is also a cheaper and straight forward processing method for poultry droppings.

Dr Thobela Nkukwana obtained her MSc degree in Poultry Science at the University of KwaZulu-Nataland her PhD at the University of Fort Hare in South Africa. She has worked as an Animal Nutritionist at NuTecSA (Pty); and later as a lecturer at the University of Fort Hare, a career move spanning nine years. She held the post of Head of Department, served as a member of Senate, Institutional Forum and Council for three years.She is currently a Researcher: Poultry Nutrition at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). Her research interests are on promoting transparency and traceability towards safer production of poultry meat and eggs. She has published widely in international, peer reviewed journals.

In view of the increasing consumer demand for safe and quality poultry products, has fuelled the development of natural, plant-based alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters in poultry farming. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E (as α-tocopherol acetate) and ground Moringaoleifera leaves (MOLM) on growth performance, gut health and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 600 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments formulated as follows: T1, with a coccidiostat and antibiotic growth promoter + 200 mg/kg vitamin E; T2, with 50 kg MOLM/ton feed; T3, with 25 kg MOLM/ton feed + 100 mg/kg vitamin E; and T4, with 12.5 kg MOLM/ton feed with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. Although there were no significant difference in feed intake, bodyweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass yield were highest in birds fed T2 and T3 diets, respectively. Supplementation with MOLM improved the digestive physiology and gut health of broilers as with birds that were offered birds with coccidiostats and antibiotic growth promoter. Antibiotic and plant extract supplementation. The addition of α-tocopheryl acetate significantly prolonged the shelf life (pH value, colourand drip loss)of meat during refrigerated storage (4οC), particularly in meats from birds that were supplemented with MOLM. Meat from birds Microbiological analyses showed that E. coli counts were significantly lowest in meat samples from birds that were fed T2 and T3 diets.The results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation with vitamin E and ground Moringaoleifera leaves significantly improved the broiler performance, gut health and meat quality.

Michael Adedotun Okehas completed his Post graduate Diploma at the age of 41 yearsin Ahamdu Bello University Zariaand Higher National Diploma in Federal College of Forestry Ibadan.. He is Founder and Executive Director of Michael Adedotun Oke Foundation,a Non-Governmental organization.Principal Agricultural Superintendence one and ExtensionAgent with Federal Capital Territory of Agricultural Development Programe. He has travelled to several countries to present papers and supported by United Food Nation ofAgricultural Organization and African development Bank. He has been serving as an Academic member of the Athens Institute for Education and Research belonging to the Agriculture Research and Environment research unit.

The economy analysis of milk distribution by the Fulani maid in Federal Capital Territory is crucial and necessary because they contribute to given the natural milk ,processing ,marketing ,distribution ,adding value to the milk intake of the citizen of the people living in Abuja . Though there are various stages that are involve in getting the milk from the cattle, but this paper focus on the various marketing strategies involve in selling .Various Interviews were conducted to get the different views and Group discussion were made to gather the relevant information .The Findings show that there are urgent needs to promote good hygiene in selling , different practices of bottling the milk , improvement on storage and quality of the milk .Pictures were taken to support the various finding and suggestion were also made to improve the selling strategies and best practices involved .

MrFelix Manimpire is a student at university of Rwanda in faculty of agriculture ,department of animal production and now is the founder of Ineza feeds supply company that will supply feeds to local areas.

Generally,parasites are major constraints on animalproductivity throughout the world. Young sheep are most susceptible to worm’s infection during their first year of life. The protein supplementation is considered as important because it improves the resistance to worms and prevents the effects of their infection on sheep production. In fact, worms reducenutrients that sheep would normally use to grow meat and wool. They damage the lining of the intestinal tract and lower absorption of nutrients. Young sheep need protein to build and repair various body structures. In young worm infected sheep, protein is diverted from muscle and wool growth to fight against infection and repairing the damaged intestines. Wormscause decrease in survival, live weight gain, wool and milk productionand reproduction performance. Protein used by sheep comes from different sources including the conversion of plant proteins consumed to microbial proteins by rumen microorganisms and by supplementation. Proteins that cannot be broken down by rumen microorganisms are called bypass or protected proteins (cottonseed meal, canola and copra meal). They are given to young sheep assupplementary toincrease their resistance to worm infection. Even supplementary feeding is currently considered expensive but is necessary. Protein supplementation is most effective in improving resistance, so young sheep should be given priority access to supplementary feeds rich in bypass protein to increase their production efficiently.

ALLTANE KRYEZIU has completed her PhD at the age of 36 years from Prishtina University, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary. She is Assistant Professor of Non Ruminant Nutrition. She has published and presented more than 15 papers in International Symposium and Conferences.

This study was performed to investigate the influence of different stocking density on growth performance of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A total of 216 one-day broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on the stocking density (Low= 14 birds/m2, Medium = 18 birds/m2 and High = 22 birds/m2) with four replications. Results revealed that final body weight, g (BW) and body weight gain, g (BWG) was influenced (P<0.05 and P<.0001) by rate of stocking density. Higher BW and BWG were reported for a low and medium density (2090.36 and 2055.28 g vs 2043.89 and 2008.03 g) rates broilers in comparison to the high density rate broilers (1947.71 and 1901.51 g). The study revealed that the lower stocking density consumed significantly (P<0.01) the highest amount of feed. The 18 birds m2 stocking density group had better feed conversion ratio than 14 and 22 birds m2, but difference was not significant (P>0.05). Finally it can be concluded that broiler chicks could be stocked up to 18 birds/m2.

Sathya Sujani has completed her BSc at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna and currently enrolled as a MSc student in Animal Science at Post Garduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. She is involved with the International Atomic Energy Authority coordinated research project ‘The use of enzymes and nuclear technologies to improve the utilization of fibrous feeds and reduce greenhouse gas emission from livestock’ as the Research Assistant representing Sri Lanka. She is a young research academic who is willing to take challenges and experience in the field of Animal Science.

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the rumen fermentation of guinea grass ‘ecotype A’ (Panicum maximum) rice straw (Oryza sativa). The enzymes used for the in vitro incubations were characterized for Cellulase (CE), Xylanase (XY). Enzymes were supplemented separately (CE and XY) as treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and a control with corresponding levels of enzymes in 5, 10, 20, 40 and 0 µl for 500 mg ground (1mm) substrates dry matter. Anaerobic buffer medium and strained ruminal fluid (42 ml) were added to the in vitro incubations (followed by 24 h pre incubation of substrate and enzyme) in triplicates and in vitro gas production (IVGP) was measured at 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h of incubation. At the end of incubation in vitro rumen dry matter disappearance (IVRDMD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolozable energy (ME) were estimated.All enzyme treatments except for some instances significantly increased (p<0.05) IVGP while there was no significant effect on IVRDMD irrespective of enzyme or substrate. The total NH3-N in fermentation liquid was significantly increased by both enzymes irrespective of substrate.Calculated values for SCFA and ME also have significantly enhanced with enzyme supplementation. Therefore it can be concluded that the use of fibrolytic enzymes as an effective way to improve the ruminal fermentation characteristics of guinea grass ecotype ‘A’ and rice straw.

Dr. Sameer Dhage has completed his Ph. D. at the age of 29 years from Mahatma Phule Agriculture University. He is working as Assistant Professor at College of Agriculture, Pune, M.S. India since last 10 years. He has published more than 22 papers in reputed journals.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of feeding whole sugarcane based ration on the performance of lactating crossbred cows. Twenty lactating cows of average 370 kg body weight were divided in four similar groups viz. T0, T1, T2 and T3. Control group (T0) was fed on concentrate and green maize as roughage. Animals in groups T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with concentrate and green chopped whole sugarcane @ 50%, 75% and 100% of total roughage dry matter requirement, respectively and remaining roughage DM was provided through jowar kadbi. Experimental feeding was carried out for 180 days. A digestion trial was conducted at the end of experimental feeding. Dry matter digestibility was higher in animals fed solely on whole sugarcane as roughage portion of the diet. Digestibility of crude protein was significantly higher in animals fed 100 % whole sugarcane than other groups, as well as animals fed jowar kadbi along with whole sugarcane in their ration showed significantly higher CP digestibility when compared to control ration. The DCP and TDN contents were 7.98, 7.57, 7.87, 8.10 and 65.84, 62.67, 65.67, 68.16 % in the T0, T1, T2 and T3 diets, respectively. There was no adverse effect on nutrient intake and utilization even when 100 % whole sugarcane was used in the ration. There was no adverse effect on reproductive performance of crossbred cows. It is, therefore, concluded that whole sugarcane can be fed solely to lactating cows as source of roughage without adverse effect on production, reproduction performance and nutrient utilization.